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Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Encyclopedia.com. White Lotus Rebellion | Detailed Pedia What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? 12 talking about this. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook ", McCaffrey, Cecily. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. }, Page last modified: Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. At the . Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. XIX Century Civil Wars. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. ." The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. He simply and quietly disappeared. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. The History of White Lotus Rebellion - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Encyclopedia.com. 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. As one Qing official complained:[9]. (2020, August 27). In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself.