Scott, William Henry (1994).Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society. 42, No. In an interesting contrast, although beetles are typically found in less-than-clean places, and are sometimes associated with filth and disease, they are also part of the cycle of life that leads to new beginnings and creation. These animals are predatory and carnivorous. Sagada Social Studies. Way of the Ancient Healer: Sacred Teachings from the Philippine Ancestral Traditions. Asiaweek, Volume 12, Issues 1-13. 1978. Catholic Anthropologist Conference. (1994). 5, No. Dont laugh. There are over a hundred distinct pantheons in the Philippines. Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. Asuang Steals Fire from Gugurang. Datu Mangal: father of Lapulapu in most versions of the story and ruler of Mactan before Lapulapu; Matang Mataunas: mother of Lapulapu; in another tale, the mother of Lapulapu is instead named Matang Matana; Malingin: daughter of Datu Mangal and sister of Lapulapu, Sri Mohammed: paternal grandfather of Lapulapu in one tale, Bali-Alho: chief of Bo. Limikid, B. The Fall of the Babaylan. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. I did have the pleasure (eh-heh) of receiving a few impressions of a rather large centipede, enjoying the offerings Id laid out on my altar; I havent the faintest whether it was my imagination, one of Sepas netjeri, or Sepa Himself. Press. University,University of Manila. 18, No. WebThe mayura named Citramekhala is associated with Saraswati, a deity representing benevolence, patience, kindness, compassion and knowledge. Nabaloi Tales. The woolly bear is a caterpillar that has folklore all his own in Saway, V. L. The Talaandig. Smith, Elder & Company, 1859. The Kalingas: Their Institutions and Customs Laws. Way of the Ancient Healer: Sacred Teachings from the Philippine Ancestral Traditions. Our About.com Guide to Insects, Debbie Hadley, says, According to folk wisdom, when the brown bands on fall woolly bears are narrow, it means a harsh winter is coming. Vocabulariode lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero. Lets look at some of the folklore, myths, and magic associated with fireflies. Most centipedes are primarily carnivorous and only eat vegetable matter when starving, but are otherwise opportunistic feeders. China: Tuttle Publishing, Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. Eugenio, D. L. (2013). 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. La religin antigua de los Filipinos. F. Landa Jocano. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. University of the Philippines Press, 2014. 1991. Centipedes tend to be nocturnal, which means approaching Sepa after dark is not only a-okay but potentially downright preferential. Hes also invoked against the Uncreated One Wood, G. L. (1957). The wider the brown band, the milder the winter will be.. Philippine Folk Literature: The Legends. Journal of American Folklore, pp. Madrid, 1895. Bran in Welsh really means crow, but sometimes with references to head, height, hill, in the sense of headmaster, sir. Muyco, Maria Christine M. 2008. As a carnivore, it eats other insects like arthropods and arachnids. She sometimes acted as a judge in human affairs. Each ethnic group has their own distinct pantheon of deities. (1977). WebNemty - Falcon god, worshipped in Middle Egypt, who appears in myth as a ferryman for greater gods. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2018). de el Renacimiento, 1909. Sepa, the Centipede God, was a protective fertility deity whose worship began in the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE). It is yellow-ish gray and usually has no more than 15 pairs of legs. Vanoverbergh, M. (1941). UP . 1: The Lumawig Bontoc Myths. Ateneo University Press, 1994. That means I feel pretty good about offering meats and/or cheeses to Sepa, but not fruits, and not really sweets (which are frequently grain-based). Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Blumentritt, Ferdinand (1895). Indiana University. Some centipedes glow in the dark (like the Geophilus electricus). I am Osiris, for whom his father and mother sealed an agreement on that day of carrying out the great slaughter; Geb is my father and Nut is my mother, I am Horus the Elder on the Day of Accession, I am Anubis of Sepa, I am the Lord of All, I am Osiris.. Ateneo de Manila University. University of California Publications in American Archaeology, 227353. Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. Philippine folklore stories. 2014. The Sulod: A Mountain People In Central Panay, Philippines. A gem of ages: 7 island rock formations in Northern Samar. (1915). kristian--mingle said: Ive heard that Loki is commonly associated with spiders. Paterno, M., Castro, S., Javellana, R., Alvina, C. (2001). University of Manila Journal Of East Asiatic Studies, Volumes 7-8. Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino. Capiznon. Manila: Lahing Pilipino Pub. It was unknown to Old World cultures so not historically likely to have a connection with deities of European cultures. Lulu Publishing. 4, Special Issue: Cebuano Literary Studies: Double Marginalization and Speaking Back: A Reading of Three Post-Colonial Texts. Deities associated with butterflies 2, No. Hedgehogs: Hedgehogs are symbolic of good fortune, especially if you meet one going in the opposite direction. Nicdao, A. Apayao Life and Legends. Dancel, M. M. (1989). Centipedes were seen following earthworms which improved the fertility of soil, leading to Sepas association with fertility. University of Manila., 1958. Mayura (Sanskrit: Mayra) is a Sanskrit word for peacock[1] which is one of the sacred birds of the Hindu culture. Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology. The plants are in full bloom at this time of the spring, and the bees take full advantage, buzzing back and forth, carrying pollen from one blossom to another. Colin, Francisco (1663). In F. Demetrio (Ed.). Dig into the soil in your garden, and chances are that if the dirt is healthy, it will be chock full of earthworms. Gods Manila. (1990). Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs. Sepa was usually depicted as mummy with the two antenna of a centipede. The centipede god Sepa is attested from the Old Kingdom right through to the Greco-Roman Period. Hussin, H., Santamaria, M. C. M. (2008). Manzano, L. C. The Tboli. WebThe centipede god Sepa is attested from the Old Kingdom right through to the Greco-Roman Period. When you visit this site, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. English Translation published by University of Michigan. As centipedes are venomous, Sepa was considered to have power over other venomous animals and could be invoked for protection against snake bites and scorpion stings. My Blog deities associated with centipedes Intutungcho (Kabunian): the supreme deity living above; Lumawig: also referred as the supreme deity and the second son of Kabunian; an epic hero who taught the Bontoc their five core values for an egalitarian society. Garuda is believed to be a vahana (conveyance) of Vishnu, one of the Trimurti. Philippiniana Sacra, Volume 37, Issues 109-111. Philippine Studies Vol. The History of Butterfly Magic and Folklore, Customs, Traditions and Folklore of Litha, animal symbolism is incorporated into magical belief, some sort of spider mythology, and folktales. Moss, C. R. (1924). Tikum Kadlum. Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. 1/2, Philippine Cultural Minorities II: Mangyan Folklore. ICCA Registry. Page 192. Garcia, J. N. C. (2008). The Study of Philippine History. Cultural Center of the Philippines (1994). Volume 34. The Remarkable Maranaws. The Boxer Codex Manuscript c. 1590, using the English translation by Souza & Turley. In images of the mayura as a mythical bird, it is depicted as killing a snake, which according to a number of Hindu scriptures, is a symbol of cycle of time. Jumala, F. C. (2013). University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 5. Eugenio, D. L. (1989). (1979). Fansler, D. S. (1921). the University of Georgia Press. US-China Education Review B, May 2016, Vol. NewCAPP (2014). North Atlantic Books. An Account of Personhood, Identity and Bodily Knowledge amongst the Batak of Palawan Island (the Philippines). Agurang: the good spirit who fought against Asuwang, Asuwang: the malevolent spirit who fought against Asuwang, Gamhanan: the supreme deity and giver of life, security, and livelihood; lives with many other gods in Mount Daeogdog, where he gives life and punishes errant mortals; used to have a loyal deer-like pet and messenger called Panigotlo, which bleated as a sign of abundance to mortals or foretells floods and despairs to alert the people, Bululakaw: lived in the island's sacred mountain called Madya-as, Bangutbanwa: deity who is prayed to for a good harvests and an orderly universe, Mangindalon: intercedes for sick persons and punishes enemies, Damhanan: the hunter who killed Panigotlo, the sacred deer-like pet of Gamhanan, Daeogdog: a man with violent temper whose name means thunder; married to Mabuot; wanted to force a marriage between his daughter Agahon and a man named Maeopig, Mabuot: a woman who was kind and gentle, married to Daeogdog; tried to prevent the marriage of Agahon with the hot-tempered Maeopig, Agahon: daughter of Daeogdog and Mabuot; said to be as lovely as the dawn; was to be married to Maeopig even though she rejected the proposal; killed herself before the marriage; from her burial, grew the mango tree, Maeopig: suitor of Agahon; had an uncontrollable anger and was chosen by Daeogdog to marry his daughter, Maka-ako: the supreme deity residing on the uppermost level of the cosmic universe's seven layers, Alunsina: the mother goddess of the Hinilawod epic heroes; aided in the battle against Saragnayon, Laonsina: a sky goddess and grandmother of Nagmalitung Yawa, Unnamed Sky God: a sky god who prevented Balanakon from traveling to Labaw Donggon's territory, Tagna-an: the creator god and a busalian shaman; the most powerful and versatile of all ma-aram shamans, Hugna-an: the first man; a ma-aram shaman and child of Tagna-an, Humihinahon: the first woman; a ma-aram shaman and child of Tagna-an, Kapapu-an: the pantheon of ancestral spirits from whom the supernatural powers of shamans originated from; their aid enables specific types of shamans to gush water from rocks, leap far distances, create oil shields, become invisible, or pass through solid matter, Papu Estrella Bangotbanwa: a deified shaman who controlled the forces of nature, Sidapa: god who establishes a person's lifespan through a very tall tree on, Pandaque: god who allows the souls of the dead to enter Mount Madya-as, the home of the dead, if a proper mag-anito ritual is held, Simuran: a god who takes the souls to the lower regions, Siginarugan: a god who takes the souls to the lower regions, Bangle: carries the non-liquefied soul across the water; the way he carries the soul differs depending on the soul's answers to his questions, Bagubu: deity of the stream which follows after the crossing with Bangle, Labaw Donggon: an epic hero who journeyed to many lands, Gimbitinan: a wife of Labaw Donggon; mother of the hero Asu Mangga, Anggoy Doronoon: a wife of Labaw Donggon; mother of the hero Buyung Baranugun, Yawa Sinagmaling: the wife of the lord, Saragnayon; Labaw Donggon fell in love with her, leading to the battle between Labaw Donggon and Saragnayon, Saragnayon: husband of Yawa Sinagmaling; became a mortal after the wild boar which safeguards his immortality was defeated, Asu Mangga: hero son of Gimbitinan and Labaw Donggon; fought Saragnayon for the release of his father, Buyung Baranugun: hero son of Anggoy Doronoon and Labaw Donggon; fought Saragnayon for the release of his father. Philippine Magazine, p. 405. To Love and to Suffer: The Development of the Religious Congregations for Women in the Spanish Philippines, 1565-1898. University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volumes 5-6. Memoirs of the National Academy of Science, 23. Because of this, it has long been the subject of magical folklore and legend in a variety of societies and cultures. Religion and Society Among the Tagbanuas of Palawan Island, Philippines. Hornedo, F. H. (1994). La Solidaridad, Volume 6. Gttinger Studien zur Musikwissenschaft Volume 3. Ateneo University Press, 1994. Vol. Filipino Heritage: The metal age in the Philippines (1977). Talubin Folklore, Bontoc, Mountain Province. Blust, Robert. Vol. Hurao in the middle of Samar; more powerful than his sons, including Maka-andog, Tigalhong: brother of Maka-andog; first inhabitant of Leyte, Delalaman: a giant who defeated a priest in a challenge; remained faithful to the old faith, and was never baptised, just like Maka-andog and the other ancestors, Dawisan: one of 912 children of Maka-andog who inherited his father's strength and magic, Yugang: a wife of Maka-andog associated with the gold loom, Ai Suno: the supreme child deity also called Salvador Suno; later conflated with the Child Jesus due to Christian influence, Baroko: the bird who aided in the retrieval of the Lingganay nga Ugis (silver bell), which it dropped at Kamayaan river and can only be retrieved by Ai Suno when he returns on land, free his people from bondage and give them their second bodies; if the bell is retrieved by someones else, a great deluge will occur, Pinay: the founder of the Eskaya language and script; in some sources, Datahan, a historical person who founded an Eskaya school, is said to be a reincarnation of Pinay, Tumud Babaylan: custodian of a sacred silver bell who was stolen by a Spanish priest named Prayleng Vicente; retrieved the stolen by through the aid of a bird called Baroko, who flew with the bell, Humabad: a priest-ruler of Opon, known for his treachery of welcoming the foreigner Magellan and conducting a blood compact with him, Umanad: the epic hero and ruler of Cortes who refused to be baptized and subjugated by Magellan; he allied himself with Lapu-Lapu of Mactan and bravely waged war against Humanad upon his return to Bohol, which ended with Humabad's death and a mortally wounded Umanad, Daylinda: wife of Umanad who was baptized by Magellan; was afterwards gently cast away by Umanad; committed ritual suicide due to the death of her husband, Dangko: the ruler of Talibon who refused to be baptized and subjugated by Magellan, Iriwan: an aide provided by Lapu-lapu to Umanad; became a good friend of Umanad; aided Umanad in his battle against Humabad; sailed Umanad's mortally-wounded body to Cortes through the mystical snaking river Abatan-Waji. A scene from Old Welsh literature. Storch, Tanya (2017).Religions and Missionaries around the Pacific, 15001900. Bagobo Myths. Madrid, 1895. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Learn Religions. Segoyong: guardians of the classes of natural phenomena; punishes humans to do not show respect and steal their wards; many of them specialize in a class, which can be water, trees, grasses, caves behind waterfalls, land caves, snakes, fire, nunuk trees, deers, and pigs; Segoyong of Land Caves: take the form of a feared snake known a humanity's grandparent; cannot be killed for he is the twin of the first people who was banished for playfully roughly with his sibling, Segoyong of Pigs: takes its share of butterflies in the forest; feared during night hunts, Segoyong of Deers: can change humans into deers and man-eaters; feared during night hunts, Segoyong of Sickness: sends sickness to humans because in the early years, humans were not nice to him; talking about him is forbidden and if one should refer to him, a special sign of surrender is conducted, Woman at Bonggo: the woman at Bonggo who gathers the spirits at the land of the dead in the sky; keeps the spirit of the body, Woman beyond Bonggo: the woman beyond Bonggo who keeps the spirit of the umbilical cord, Brother of Tulus: lives in the highest abode in the land of the dead, where those who died in battle reside, Maginalao: beings of the upper regions who can aid someone to go up in the upper worlds without dying, where usually a female aids a person first, followed by her brother; they sometimes come to earth to aid the poor and the suffering, Giant of Chasms: the first one to guard the chasms between the layers of the upper regions; a man-eating giant, Spirit of Lightning and Thunder: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors, Spirit Who Turns Earth into Water: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors, Settlers of the Mountains: each of the eight layers of the upper regions have eight spirits referred as Settlers of the Mountains; they are four men and four women who are appealed to for pity in order to get to the highest ranking spirit in a layer, Spirit of the Stars: a spirit higher in rank than the Settlers of the Mountains, Spirit of the Umbilical Cord: the woman beside the deity Meketefu (Tulus); hardest to get pity from as the people were once unkind to her, Malang Batunan: a giant who had a huge house; keep the souls of any false shamans from passing through the region of the Great Spirit, Major constellation deities: six constellations asked by the hero Lagey Lingkuwus to remain in the sky to aid in the people's farming, Fegeferafad: the leader of the constellations; actual name is Keluguy, the fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar; shaped like a human, the deity has a headcloth and chicken wings on his head, symbolizing courage, Kufukufu: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures, Baka: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures, Seretar: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures, Singkad: spouse of Kenogon; another fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar, Kenogon: spouse of Singkad; has a comb, which is always near Singkad, Flood Couple: after the great flood, a Teduray boy and Dulungan girl survived and married; their offspring who took after their father became the Teduray, while those who took after their mother became the Dulungan, who were later absorbed by the Manobo, Mamalu: an ancestor of the Teduray; the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith; brother of Tambunaoway, ancestor of the Maguindanao, Tambunaoway: an ancestor of the Maguindanao; the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith; brother of Mamalu, ancestor of the Teduray, First Humans: the first couple's child died and from the infant's body, sprouted various plants and lime, Pounding Woman: a woman who was pounding rice one day that she hit the sky with her pestle, which shamed the sky, causing it to go higher, Alagasi: giant humans from western lands who eat smaller humans, Tigangan: giants who take corpses, and transform these corpse into whatever they want to eat, Supreme Being: the supreme deity who is far way, and so lesser divinities and spirits hear people's prayers instead; was also later called as Allah by Muslim converts, Malaykat: each person is protected by these angelic beings from illness; they also guide people in work, making humans active, diligent, and good; they do not talk nor borrow a voice from humans, and they don't treat sick persons, Tunung: spirits who live in the sky, water, mountain, or trees; listens to prayers and can converse with humans by borrowing the voice of a medium; protects humans from sickness and crops from pests, Cotabato Healer Monkey: a monkey who lived near a pond outside Cotabato city; it heals those who touch it and those who give it enough offerings, Patakoda: a giant stallion whose presence at the Pulangi river is an omen for an unfortunate event. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. "9 Magical Insects and Their Folklore." (1982). Philippine Folk Literature: The Legends. Hatboro, Pennsylvania: Folklore Assosciates Inc. Pangilinan, M. (20142020). Danyag 2 (Dec): 114. Global ICCA Database: Igmalengen sacred forests of Portulin, Mindanao, Philippines. deities associated with centipedes National Commission for Culture and the Arts. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Baguio City: Lyceum of Baguio. Supreme Being: referred to as Mayo, in one account; Mayo: a fisherfolk hero who introduced the yuyus used to catch flying fishes called dibang, which are in turn used to catch the summertime fish arayu, The Giver: the entity who provides all things; the souls of the upper class travel to the beings's abode in heaven and become stars, Aitu: refers to the souls of the dead, place spirits, and wandering invisibles not identified nor tied down to any particular locale or thing, Aitu between Chavidug and Chavayan: place spirit Aitus who were reported to create sounds when the gorge between Chavidug and Chavayan were being created through dynamite explosions; believed to have shifted their residences after the construction of the passage, Rirryaw Aitu: place spirit Aitus who played music and sang inside a cave in Sabtang, while lighting up fire; believed to have change residences after they were disturbed by a man, ji Rahet Aitu: a grinning place spirit Aitu who lived in an old tree; a man later cut the tree and found an earthen pot believed to have been owned by the Aitu, Nuvwan Aitu: good place spirit Aitus who saved a woman from a falling tree; they are offered rituals through the vivyayin, ji P'Supwan Aitu: good place spirit Aitus who became friends and allies of a mortal woman named Carmen Acido; sometimes taking in the form of dogs, they aided her and guided her in many of her tasks until her death from old age; despite their kindness towards Carmen, most people avoided the farm where they live, Mayavusay Aitu: place spirit Aitus living in a parcel of land in Mayavusay; sometimes take in the form of piglets, and can return cut vegetation parts into the mother vegetation, Cairn-dwelling Aitu: place spirit Aitus who lived in cairns and put a curse towards a man who destroyed their home; appearing as humans, the shaman Balaw conversed with them to right the wrong made by the man against their home, Mayuray Aitu: a wandering Aitu who expanded and was filled with darkness; encountered by a young boy who the spirit did not harm; referred as a kapri, Aitus who walk around and grow as tall as the height for their surroundings, Dayanak Aitu: a type of very small Aitu with red eyes and gold ornaments; accepting their gold ornaments will cause misfortune, Benita: a mortal woman who was visited by her deceased husband in the form of an Aitu, which led to the return of three parcels of land to their rightful owner; in another story, she was visited by her deceased goddaughter, which led to proper rituals which appeased her goddaughter's soul, Maria: a mortal woman who was visited by the silent Aitu of her husband's relative; the spirit was later appeased through prayers, Juanito: a mortal man who was visited in a dream by his deceased father's Aitu, which led to him relenting to give more share of the family inheritance to his half-sister, Maring, Wife of Leoncio Cabading: visited by her deceased husband's Aitu, who told her to stop the prayers for it will do nothing as he was killed by a violent landslide; the spirit offered her to join him, to which she rejected, Carmen Acido: a mortal woman who became friends and allies of the Aitu from ji P'Supwan; she lived to over 80 years old, Balaw: a medicine man and shaman who communicated and controlled certain Aitus, Maria Barios: a woman whose back-basket was ridden by a wandering Aitu, who she carried until she arrived at the town center, Juan Galarion: a man who saw a giant wandering Aitu, as large as the church of Mahataw; he believed it was a kapri, Tita: a girl who was kidnapped and later returned by wandering Aitus; while being carried by the Aitus, she menstruated, which made the Aitus flee; the site where she landed is known as Ranum i Tita, Chief Spirits: may take the form of human beings, former mortals who mix with the living, and reside in bathing places, Anlabban: looks after the general welfare of the people; special protector of hunters, Landusan: responsible for some cases of extreme poverty; like all evil spirits, Landusan can also be countered by the rare tagarut herb-amulet, Alupundan: causes the reapers toes to get sore all over and swell, Arurin: deity who sees to it that the harvest is bad if farmers fail to offer to her a share of the harvest, Dagdagamiyan: a female spirit who causes sickness in children for playing in places where the harvest is being done, Darupaypay: devours the palay stored in the hut before it is transferred to the granary, Ginuudan: comes to measure the containers of palay, and causes it to dwindle, Sildado: resembles a horse, and kills children who play noisily outside the house, Inargay: kills people during harvest time; the inapugan ritual of offered to the deity to appease him not to kill anyone, Alipugpug: spirit of the little whirlwind from the burned field, who portends a good harvest, Pilay: spirit of the rice, who resides on the paga, a shelf above the hearth; the pisi ritual is offered to the deity to ensure that children won't get hungry, Unnamed Man: held the world on his hands; produced a spark using a flint and a steel, causing Sal-it (lightning); in contrast, Addug (thunder) is the water roaring in the sky, Man Who Caused Birds to Attack: a man who was aided by birds, by giving him seeds that he was tasked to plant and share with other birds; reneged on his promise, resulting to the never-ending attacks of birds on the seeds planted by mankind, Man Who Hates Flies: a man whose cow was killed by a fly, which resulted into a law that allowed the killing of flies, Bagatulayan: the supreme deity who directs the activities of the world, including the celestial realms, Gomayen: mother of Mabaca, Binongan, and Adasin, Mabaca: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity, Binongan: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity, Adasin: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity, Kadaklan: deity who is second in rank; taught the people how to pray, harvest their crops, ward off evil spirits, and overcome bad omens and cure sicknesses, Apadel (Kalagang): guardian deity and dweller of the spirit-stones called pinaing, Init-init: the god of the sun married to the mortal Aponibolinayen; during the day, he leaves his house to shine light on the world, Gaygayoma: the star goddess who lowered a basket from heaven to fetch the mortal Aponitolau, who she married, Takyayen: child of Gaygayoma and Aponitolaul popped out between Gaygayoma's last two fingers after she asked Aponitolau to prick there, Makaboteng: the god and guardian of deer and wild hogs, Aponibolinayen: mortal spouse of the sun god, Init-init, Aponitolau: mortal who was fetched by the star goddess Gaygayoma, despite him being already married, DumaNig: a demon which possesses the moon (Bolan) and causes her to devour her husband the sun (Ageo), NamBisayunan: the howl or shriek that is heard during a storm, Libo-o d Ngatu: the clouds of the skyworld which cause sickness, Maman: beings derived from a second death of souls in the afterworld; they are perceptible in red light, as on a rainy day near sunset; may cause sickness, Bulaiyao: live in big rocks, hot springs, and volcanoes; have a fiery appearance which they can turn on or turn off; capture or devour souls, Gulilingob ud Tangob: the strongest of all the bulaiyao, Dumabag: the god of the volcano at Balatok, Lumawig: the local god of the Mangali-Lubo-Tinglaiyan district, Angako d Ngato: demons that afflict with sickness, Angtan: goddesses or demons that depress men, bring worry and bad luck, ALan: cannibal or ghoul spirits that figure largely in myths and folktales as carrying away or devouring souls and as producing many kinds of transformations in men and in themselves, Pinading: extraordinary souls of the dead that have attained a superior power and existence, Gittam: a giant who established himself in the realm called Daya after killing many humans; lives in an island out in a big lake, Python of Gittam: protects the habitat of Gittam; swallowed a boy, who was rescued by a hero by killing the giant python, Iyu: water creatures who swim in the lakes of Lagud; depicted as a whale, an eel, a dragon, or, in some cases, a python also called Malaga, Makapangwa: The supreme being also known as "Yafu".
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