C) the severity and duration of the problem. . During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. The heart rate slows . Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes (Bartke, Sun, & Longo, 2013). (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University . Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Homeostasis: How the Body Strives for Balance - Verywell Mind As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . Test 1: Quizes 1-4 Flashcards | Chegg.com Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. 1. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. Feeling tired. Reduced urine. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Confusion. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Upset stomach and vomiting. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. Weakness and fatigue. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations.
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